ENDNOTES
1 15 USCS § 1127(1)-(2).
2 1 The Law of Advertising § 11.02[1]
3 Trademark Requirements: Everything You Need to Know, Upcounsel, https://www.upcounsel.com/trademark-requirements (last visited Dec. 6, 2019).
4 1 Gilson on Trademarks § 3.02[3][a][1] (2019).
5 Common Law Rights Law and Legal Definition, USLegal, https://definitions.uslegal.com/c/common-law-rights/ (last visited Dec. 6, 2019).
6 Common Law Trademark: Everything You Need to Know, Upcounsel, https://www.upcounsel.com/common-law-trademark (last visited Aug. 9, 2019).
7 Common Law Trademark: Everything You Need to Know, Upcounsel, https://www.upcounsel.com/common-law-trademark (last visited Aug. 9, 2019).
8 Christopher Kalanje, Leveraging Intellectual Property: Beyond the ‘Right to Exclude’, WIPO, https://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/leveraging_ip_fulltext.html (last visited May 31, 2019).
9 Christopher Kalanje, Leveraging Intellectual Property: Beyond the ‘Right to Exclude’, WIPO, https://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/leveraging_ip_fulltext.html (last visited May 31, 2019).
10 Sarah Green, Startup Trends: Revolutionizing Intellectual Property, .Me (Sept. 17, 2015), https://domain.me/startup-trends-revolutionizing-intellectual-property/ (citing Stuart J.H. Graham et al., High Technology Entrepreneurs and the Patent System: Results of the Berkeley Patent Survey, 24 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 255 (2009)).
11 Sarah Green, Startup Trends: Revolutionizing Intellectual Property, .Me (Sept. 17, 2015), https://domain.me/startup-trends-revolutionizing-intellectual-property/
12 Feras Mousilli, Trademark Protection for Startups, Readwrite (Aug. 30, 2018), https://readwrite.com/2018/08/30/trademark-protection-for-startups/.
13Andrew Baker, How Counterfeiting Can Destroy Your Brand & Business, DataDot (Mar. 22, 2017), https://www.datadotdna.com/au/how-counterfeiting-can-destroy-your-brand-business/.
14 Rodwell, S., Van Eeckhout, P., Reid, A. & Walendowski, J. (2007). Effects of counterfeiting on EU SMEs and a review of various publid and private IPR enforcement initiatives and resources. Report to the Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General Directorate B1 – Development of industrial policy. European Commission
15 Org. for Econ. Cooperation and Dev., The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting at 22 (1998).
16 See, e.g., Shellie Nelson, Counterfeiters Target Unbelievable List of Everyday Products, WQAD (Nov. 3, 2014, 3:24 PM), https://wqad.com/2014/11/03/counterfeiters-target-unbelievable-list-of-everyday-products/.
17 Andrew Baker, How Counterfeiting Can Destroy Your Brand & Business, DataDot (Mar. 22, 2017), https://www.datadotdna.com/au/how-counterfeiting-can-destroy-your-brand-business/.
18 Kinghorn, R., Wilson, J. (2013). Anti-Counterfeit Strategy for Brand Owners. https://a-capp.msu.edu/guide-to-brand-protection-for-small-and-medium-sized-enterprises/
19 Jeffrey A. Lindenbaum & David Ewen, Emerging Issues in Intellectual Property, Media, and High-Profile Defense Law: Article: Catch Me if You Can: An Analysis of New Enforcement Measures and Proposed Legislation to Combat the Sale of Counterfeit Products on the Internet, 32 Pace L. Rev. 567, 567 (2012).
20 See, e.g., David Pierson, No Brand is Too Small for Counterfeiters, The Morning Call (Jan. 19, 2018),
21 See Laura Stevens, On Amazon, Fake Products Plague Smaller Brands, The Wall Street J. (Jul. 19, 2018 12:16 PM), https://www.wsj.com/articles/on-amazon-fake-products-plague-smaller-brands-1532001601.
22 Laura Stevens, On Amazon, Fake Products Plague Smaller Brands, The Wall Street J. (Jul. 19, 2018 12:16 PM), https://www.wsj.com/articles/on-amazon-fake-products-plague-smaller-brands-1532001601.
23 Ari Levy, Amazon Counterfeiters Wreak Havoc on Artists and Small Businesses, CNBC (May 25, 2016 9:47 AM), https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/25/amazon-counterfeiters-wreak-havoc-on-artists-and-small-businesses.html.
24 Efrat Kasznik, 5 Best Practices for Creating a Winning IP Strategy, Bus. J. (Jan. 2, 2015, 10:16 AM), https://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/how-to/growth-strategies/2015/01/5-best-practices-for-creating-an-ip-strategy.html.
25 Efrat Kasznik, 5 Best Practices for Creating a Winning IP Strategy, Bus. J. (Jan. 2, 2015, 10:16 AM), https://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/how-to/growth-strategies/2015/01/5-best-practices-for-creating-an-ip-strategy.html.
26 Efrat Kasznik, 5 Best Practices for Creating a Winning IP Strategy, Bus. J. (Jan. 2, 2015, 10:16 AM), https://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/how-to/growth-strategies/2015/01/5-best-practices-for-creating-an-ip-strategy.html.
27 Kennedy, Jay P. “Proposed Solutions to the Brand Protection Challenges and Counterfeiting Risks Faced by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).” Journal of Applied Security Research, 11(4), 450-468. 2016
28 Leah Chan Grinvald, Resolving the IP Disconnect for Small Businesses, 95 Marq. L. Rev. 1491, 1500 (2012).
29 Julia Huston, Trademark Strategies for Start-Up Companies, Foley Hoag LLP, Aug. 18, 2015, https://www.trademarkandcopyrightlawblog.com/2015/08/trademark-strategies-for-start-up-companies/.
30 Julia Huston, Trademark Strategies for Start-Up Companies, Foley Hoag LLP, Aug. 18, 2015, https://www.trademarkandcopyrightlawblog.com/2015/08/trademark-strategies-for-start-up-companies/.
31 Julia Huston, Trademark Strategies for Start-Up Companies, Foley Hoag LLP, Aug. 18, 2015, https://www.trademarkandcopyrightlawblog.com/2015/08/trademark-strategies-for-start-up-companies/.
32 How to Do a Trademark Search, Brown & Michaels, http://www.bpmlegal.com/howtotmsrch.html (last visited Aug. 1, 2019).
33 How to Do a Trademark Search, Brown & Michaels, http://www.bpmlegal.com/howtotmsrch.html (last visited Aug. 1, 2019).
34 Trademark Basics, USPTO, https://www.uspto.gov/trademarks-getting-started/trademark-basics (last visited Jul. 31, 2019).
35 Selecting and Registering a Trademark, INTA, https://www.inta.org/TrademarkBasics/FactSheets/Pages/StateTrademarkRegistrationsUSFactSheet.aspx (last updated Jul. 2014).
36 Selecting and Registering a Trademark, INTA, https://www.inta.org/TrademarkBasics/FactSheets/Pages/StateTrademarkRegistrationsUSFactSheet.aspx (last updated Jul. 2014).
37 Edward Daciuk, Trademark Costs: DIY Registration vs. Online Service vs. Lawyer, FitSmallBusiness.com (Feb. 9, 2018), https://fitsmallbusiness.com/how-much-does-a-trademark-cost/.
38 Edward Daciuk, Trademark Costs: DIY Registration vs. Online Service vs. Lawyer, FitSmallBusiness.com (Feb. 9, 2018), https://fitsmallbusiness.com/how-much-does-a-trademark-cost/.
39 Edward Daciuk, Trademark Costs: DIY Registration vs. Online Service vs. Lawyer, FitSmallBusiness.com (Feb. 9, 2018), https://fitsmallbusiness.com/how-much-does-a-trademark-cost/.
40 Edward Daciuk, Trademark Costs: DIY Registration vs. Online Service vs. Lawyer, FitSmallBusiness.com (Feb. 9, 2018), https://fitsmallbusiness.com/how-much-does-a-trademark-cost/.
41 U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, Basic Facts About Trademarks, at 20 (2019).
42 U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, Basic Facts About Trademarks, at 20 (2019).
43 U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, Basic Facts About Trademarks, at 21 (2019).
44 U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, Basic Facts About Trademarks, at 20 (2019).
45 Should You File an Intent-to-Use Trademark Application, NOLO, https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/should-you-file-intent-use-trademark-application.html (last visited Sept. 13, 2019).
46 U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, Basic Facts About Trademarks, at 20 (2019).
47 Trademark a Logo Cost: Everything You Need to Know, Upcounsel, https://www.upcounsel.com/trademark-a-logo-cost (last visited Aug. 8, 2019).
48 See e.g., Gerben Law Firm PLLC, Flat Fee Trademark Registration Package (last visited Oct. 11, 2019).
49 Trademark Clearance Searches, Hartmans Law, https://hartmanslaw.com/trademark-law-resources/search-clearance/ (last visited Aug. 1, 2019).
50 Charles Doyle, A Dictionary of Marketing (3rd ed. 2011), https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199590230.001.0001/acref-9780199590230.
51 See Thies Bosling, Securing Trademark Protection in a Global Economy – The United States’ Accession to the Madrid Protocol, 12 U. Balt. Intell. Prop. L.J. 137, 139 (2004).
52 Practical L. Intell. Prop. & Tech., International Trademark Protection, Thomson Reuters Practical Law, https://1.next.westlaw.com/Document/I0f9fbea1ef0811e28578f7ccc38dcbee/View/FullText.html?transitionType=SearchItem&contextData=(sc.Search) (last visited Nov. 1, 2019).
53 See Thies Bosling, Securing Trademark Protection in a Global Economy – The United States’ Accession to the Madrid Protocol, 12 U. Balt. Intell. Prop. L.J. 137, 137 (2004).
54 Madrid – The International Trademark System, WIPO, https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/ (last visited Nov. 1, 2019).
55 Madrid – The International Trademark System, WIPO, https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/ (last visited Nov. 1, 2019).
56 See Members of the Madrid Union, WIPO, https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/members/ (last updated Oct. 15, 2019).
57 See Eric Perrot, How to Avoid a Madrid Protocol Trademark Registration Refusal in the U.S., Gerben Law Firm PLLC, https://www.gerbenlaw.com/blog/how-to-avoid-a-madrid-protocol-trademark-registration-refusal-in-the-united-states/ (last visited Nov. 1, 2019).
58 See Trade Marks in the European Union, European Union Intellectual Property Office, https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/en/trade-marks-in-the-european-union (last visited Nov. 8, 2019).
59 Trade Marks in the European Union, European Union Intellectual Property Office, https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/en/trade-marks-in-the-european-union (last visited Nov. 8, 2019).
60 See Daniel G. Radler, The European “Community Trade Mark”: Is It Worth the Bother?, 1 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev. 181, 197 (1997).
61 American Apparel & Footwear Association, Who We Are, https://www.aafaglobal.org/AAFA/About/Who_We_Are/AAFA/About/Who_We_Are.aspx?hkey=14341662-827d-43ae-8a05-c2979af1933b (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
62 American Apparel & Footwear Association, Who We Are, https://www.aafaglobal.org/AAFA/About/Who_We_Are/AAFA/About/Who_We_Are.aspx?hkey=14341662-827d-43ae-8a05-c2979af1933b (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
63 The Anti-Counterfeiting Group, About Us, https://www.a-cg.org/the-acg/about-us (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
64 The Anti-Counterfeiting Group, About Us, https://www.a-cg.org/the-acg/about-us (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
65 The Anti-Counterfeiting Group, About Us, https://www.a-cg.org/the-acg/about-us (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
66 Asian Coalition Against Counterfeiting and Piracy, About, https://acacap.org/aboutus/ (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
67 Canadian Anti-Counterfeiting Network, About Us, https://cacn.ca/about-us/ (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
68 CropLife International, About, https://croplife.org/about/ (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
69 CropLife International, About, https://croplife.org/about/ (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
70 IACC, History & Mission, https://www.iacc.org/about/history-mission (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
71 IACC, History & Mission, https://www.iacc.org/about/history-mission (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
72 IACC, History & Mission, https://www.iacc.org/about/history-mission (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
73 IACC, History & Mission, https://www.iacc.org/about/history-mission (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
74 International Trademark Association, What Is INTA?, https://www.inta.org/About/Pages/Overview.aspx (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
75 International Trademark Association, What Is INTA?, https://www.inta.org/About/Pages/Overview.aspx (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
76 Unifab, Who We Are, https://www.unifab.com/en/who-are-we/ (last visited Oct. 11, 2019).
77 Unifab, Who We Are, https://www.unifab.com/en/who-are-we/ (last visited Oct. 11, 2019).
78 QBPC, About QBPC, http://www.qbpc.org.cn/page/index/pid/1 (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
79 QBPC, About QBPC, http://www.qbpc.org.cn/page/index/pid/1 (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
80 QBPC, About QBPC, http://www.qbpc.org.cn/page/index/pid/1 (last visited Oct. 4, 2019).
81 Europol, About Europol (last visited Oct. 11, 2019).
82 Europol, Intellectual Property Crime (last visited Oct. 11, 2019).
83 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Intellectual Property Rights (last visited Oct. 11, 2019).
84 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Intellectual Property Rights (last visited Oct. 11, 2019).
85 U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Intellectual Property Rights (last visited Oct. 11, 2019).
86 U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Intellectual Property Rights (last visited Oct. 11, 2019).
87 USPTO, Enforcement (last visited Oct. 11, 2019).